Culture

=The Riders=



[|Cinema] | [|Classical Music] | [|Italian Painting] | [|Writers]

**Cinema** After the Second World War, originated the neorealist cinema that represent the real country’s situation; for this, the stories are about the poor families and often there aren’t professional actors. Any very famous directors are Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini and Vittorio De Sica. In the fifties and sixties the Italian cinema come off neorealism and originated the author’s cinema with more introspective and existential stories. Any important directors and beautiful movies are Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini with “La strada”, “La dolce vita” and “Amarcord”. Another very important directors is Pier Paolo Pasolini (he was writer, too) because his movies opposed to moral of that period and he was adverse to conformism and consumerism. A important role had la Commedia all’italiana that represent the optimism after the war. Any directors and actors are Marcello Mastroiani, Alberto Sordi, Mario Monicelli, and Vittorio Gassman. The genre declined about the ends of seventies and its replaced with trash and sexy comedies. At the same time, another genre, the Spaghetti Westner had great success throughout the world. These films differed from traditional westerns not only becouse they were filmed in Italy on low budgets, but also by their unique, vivid cinematography. The most important director is Sergio Leone with his Dollars Trilogy, consisting of “A Fistful of Dollars”, “For A Few Dollars More”, and “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”, Between the late seventies and mid eighties, Italian cinema endured a long period of crisis. Today the Italian cinema is divided between good and silly movies. Any good movies are comedies, but there are very comedies that are loved by audience that are dreadful movies. For example, this are the comedies by Cristian De Sica e Massimo Boldi. (This De Sica is great Vittorio De Sica’s son!) The their movies are “Christmas to… New York, Miami, in India, on the Nilo [Nile] et cetera. Do you know them? Any good directors are Giuseppe Tornatore, Gabriele Salvatores, Roberto Begnini, Leonardo Pieraccioni, Pupi Avati, Silvio Soldini and Gabrile Muccino. There are good actors, but there are dreadful actors, too. For example, Monica Bellucci is a dreadful actor!! Perhaps abroad she is loved because she is dubbed!

//**Giuliana's corrections = bold text** After the Second World War, **neorealist cinema originated** that **represented the country's real situation, in which** the stories are about **about poor** families and often there aren’t professional actors. **Some** very famous directors are Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini and Vittorio De Sica. In the fifties and sixties// **//[don't need// the//]//** //Italian cinema **came away from** neorealism and **author's cinema originated** with more introspective and existential stories. **Some** important directors and beautiful movies are Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini with “La strada”, “La dolce vita” and “Amarcord”. Another very important **director** is Pier Paolo Pasolini (he was **a** writer, too) because his movies **opposed morals** of that period and he was adverse to conformism and consumerism. At the same time, another genre, the Spaghetti **Western** had great success throughout the world. These films differed from traditional westerns not only **because** they were filmed in Italy on low budgets, but also by their unique, vivid cinematography. The most important director is Sergio Leone with his Dollars Trilogy, consisting of “A Fistful of Dollars”, “For A Few Dollars More”, and “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”**.** Between the late seventies and mid eighties, Italian cinema endured a long period of crisis. Today// **//[don't need// the//]//** //Italian cinema is divided between good and silly movies. **Some** good movies are comedies, but there are **many** comedies that are loved by **the** audience that are dreadful movies. For example, **these** are the comedies by Cristian De Sica **and** Massimo Boldi. (This De Sica is **the** great Vittorio De Sica’s son!) **Their** movies are “Christmas to… New York,// **//[//need to close quotation marks: "//]//** //Miami, in India, on the **Nile,** et cetera. Do you know them? **Some** good directors are Giuseppe Tornatore, Gabriele Salvatores, Roberto Begnini, Leonardo Pieraccioni, Pupi Avati, Silvio Soldini and Gabrile Muccino. There are good actors, but there are dreadful actors, too. For example, Monica Bellucci is a dreadful actor!! Perhaps abroad she is loved because she is dubbed!//
 * La Commedia all'italiana had an important role** that **represented** the optimism after the war. **Some** directors and actors are Marcello Mastroiani, Alberto Sordi, Mario Monicelli, and Vittorio Gassman. The genre declined about the **end** of **the** seventies and **it was** replaced with trash and sexy comedies.

**Classical music**

Classical music propagated in Europe from the second half of the 17th century to the early 18 th century. Classical music is a musical tradition that developed in Europe but the original musical centre is in Vienna. Important Italian composers in this period are: Alessandro Scarlatti, Gioachino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, Donizetti, Giuseppe Verdi. I will speak in this text of G.Rossini, of V.Bellini, of D.Donizetti and of G.Verdi.
 * Gioachino Rossini** ( 1792 - 1868) wrote more than 30 operas: profane, sacred music and chamber music. His most successful works are "Il barbiere di Siviglia", and Guglielmo Tell. Rossini was born in a small town of Pesaro in a musicians' family. Rossini began his musical studies early. He studied a lot of musicians but he prefered Haydn and Mozart. Rossini was loved by people all over the world. . He wrote many operas but that the most successful were: Il barbiere di Siviglia, Cenerentola, Semiramide, Tancredi, La gazza ladra e Le Comte Ory and Guglielmo Tell ( 1829), Stabat Mater (1832 - 1839). Rossini wrote, in his life, many musical works; we remember: the operas, the cantatas, the instrumental music and the sacred music.
 * Vincenzo Bellini** (November 3, 1801 - September 23, 1835) was an Italian opera composer. He was born in Catania. Bellini was a prodigy child. He grew up in a musical family. Francesco Bellini began to study music theory at two, to play the piano at three. His first composition was written when he was six years old. Bellini was a great composer of italian music drama.

Classical music propagated in Europe from the second half of the 17th century to the early 18th century. Classical music is a musical tradition that developed in Europe but the original musical centre is in Vienna. Important Italian composers in this period are: Alessandro Scarlatti, Gioachino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, Donizetti, Giuseppe Verdi. I will speak in this text of G.Rossini, of V.Bellini, of D.Donizetti and of G.Verdi.
 * Kathryn's corrections**
 * Gioachino Rossini** (1792 - 1868) wrote more than 30 operas: (profane??), sacred music and chamber music. His most successful works are "The Barber of Seville” (Il barbiere di Siviglia), and William (Guglielmo) Tell. Rossini was born in the (a) small town of Pesaro into (in) a musicians' family. Rossini began his musical studies early. He studied many (a lot of) musicians but he preferred Haydn and Mozart. Rossini was loved by people all over the world. . He wrote many operas but (that) the most successful were: “The Barber of Seville” (Il barbiere di Siviglia), “Cinderella” (Cenerentola), “Semiramide”, “Tancredi”, “La gazza ladra”, (e) “Le Comte Ory”, (and) “William (Guglielmo) Tell” (1829), and “Stabat Mater” (1832 - 1839). Rossini wrote, in his life, many musical works. We remember the operas, the cantatas, the instrumental music and the sacred music.
 * Vincenzo Bellini** (November 3, 1801 - September 23, 1835) was born in Catania and was a composer of Italian opera (was an Italian opera composer. He was born in Catania). Bellini was a prodigy child. He grew up in a musical family. Vincenzo (Francesco?) Bellini began to study music theory at the age of two, and began to play the piano at the age of three. His first composition was written when he was six years old. Bellini was a great composer of Italian music drama.

//**ORIGINAL ARTICLE:**// (continued) The works are: Adelson e Salvini; Il pirata; Bianca e Fernando; La straniera ;Zaira ;I Capuleti e i Montecchi 1830;La sonnambula (1831); Norma 1831;Beatrice di Tenda 1833; I puritani 1835.
 * Domenico Donizetti** (1797 - 1848) was an Italian opera composer. A important work was Lucia di Lammermoor (1835). Donizetti was one of the most important composers of "Bel canto". He was born in Bergamo in 1797, in a poor family without a music tradition.
 * Giuseppe Verdi** (1813 - 1901) was a important Romantic composer of opera of 1800. Verdi was born in Le Roncole that was in the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. Then Verdi's family gone to Busseto. Here, the yang Verdi studied classical music. After Verdi went to Milan, but he couldn't study at the Conservatory of Music in Milan, because he was too old to frequent it. Verdi took private lessons in Milan. Returning to Busseto, he play at Antonio Barezzi's house in 1830 that invited him to be his daughter Margherita's music teacher. Margherita and Giuseppe fell in love and they got married. Margherita and Verdi had got two children, that died in infancy; Margherita died the following year (1840). Verdi was devastated by deep sorrow when they all died. Verdi's operas are:Oberto (1839), Un giorno di regno, Nabucco, Macbeth. He wrote three wonderfull music dramas: Trovatore, Traviata and Rigoletto. Verdi's masterpiece is Aida (1869). Verdi also wrote: Don Carlos, La forza del destino, Otello, Fastaff.

code [(SOME OF)HIS] works are: "Adelson e Salvini";"Il Pirata"; "Bianca e Fernando"; "La Straniera"; "Zaira"; "I Capuletti e i Montecchi" (1830); "La Sonnambula" (1831); "Norma" (1831); "Beatrice di Tenda" (1833) [AND] "I Puritani" (1835).
 * Stephen's Corrections:**

Domenico Donizetti (1797-1848) was an Italian opera composer. [ONE OF HIS] important work[S] was "Lucia di Lammermoor" (1835). Donizetti was one of the most important composers of "bel canto". He was born in Bergamo in 1797 [TO] a poor family without a [MUSICAL HISTORY].

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) was a[N] important Italian composer of Opera [IN THE 1800'S]. Verdi was born in Le Roncole that was [A PART OF] the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. Then Verdi's family [WENT/MOVED] to Busseto. Here, the [YOUNG] Verdi studied Classical music. [AFTER/LATER], Verdi went to Milan, but he couldn't study at the Conservatory of Music in Milan, [BECAUSE HE WAS TOO OLD]. [INSTEAD], Verdi took private lessons in Milan. Returning to Busseto, he [PLAYED] at Antonio Barezzi's house in 1830, [WHO] invited him to be his daughter Margherita's music teacher. Margherita and Giuseppe fell in love [AND (GOT) MARRIED]. [(THEY)] had two children [WHO (BOTH) DIED IN INFANCY], [WHILE] Margherita died the following year (1840) Verdi was devastated [BY THEIR DEATHS (AND SANK INTO DEEP SORROW)]. [HIS/VERDI'S] operas [ARE/INCLUDE]: "Oberto" (1839); "Un Giorno di Regno"; "Nambucco" [AND] "Macbeth". He ALSO wrote three [WONDERFUL] music[(AL)] dramas; "Trovatore"; "Traviata" and "Rigoletto". Verdi's [(MOST FAMOUS)] masterpiece is "Aida" (1869). Verdi also wrote "Don Carlos"; "La Forza del Destino"; "Otello" [AND] "Fastaff". code

**Italian Painting** The origin of the painting art, in Italy had beginning from the fall of the West Roman Empire (half V century). Fundamental characteristic of the Italian art, was the remarkable influence exercised on the cultural inheritance of the world classic, whose values were still alive in the country. The first style that play a determining role was that one imported from the bizantini. In this age the figures are painting in static and solemn attitudes. With the **gotic** style the first great Italian artist appears: __Cimabue__. It began to head towards one expressive tendency more naturalistic and lively, inherited also from __Giotto__, its more famous student. At the beginnig of th1300's he executed the wall painting of the "Cappella degli scrovegni" of Padova. Giotto knew to confer to the painted scenes one convincing depth spaces and it represented the personages in realistic and expressive way. Contemporary of Giotto was __Duccio di Buoninsegna__ who remained more faithful to the bizantin tradition. The **Renaissance** carried with if the "rebirth" of all the arts, and the maximum apex for the painting was had in the first years of the 1500's to Florence. The more famous painter of the early Renaissance was of course __Masaccio__, that he paints with an incisive perspective of the space and the volumes. It must remember also __Paolo Uccello__, __Beato Angelico__, __Filippo Lippi__ and __Domenico Veneziano__. Of this age they are also __Leonardo__ (its first one masterpiece: l’//Adorazione dei Magi// 1481), __Andrea del Verrocchio__, __Sandro Botticelli__, (his most famous paintings are: //Primavera// (1478) and //Nascita di venere// (1482 ca). Medieval tendencies and styles continue to influence for some time the Italian art. Slowly the new artistic conception. The most representative southern painter of the time was the __Antonello da Messina__, that he caught up remarkable outcomes with the technical of the painting to oil, adopted also from __Piero della Francesca__. **__CORRECTION:__** //In Italy, art originated from the beginning of the fall of the West Roman Empire (half V century). The fundamental characteristic of the Italian art was the remarkable influence exercised on the cultural inheritance of the classic world, whose values were still alive in the country. The first style that played a determining role was the one imported from the Bizantini. In this period figures were painted in static and solemn attitudes. One of the first great Italian artists to appear was Cimabue who painted gothic style. This style created a more expressive, naturalistic and lively tone which was inherited from Giotto, one of its more famous students. At the beginning of the 1300's he executed the wall painting of the "Cappella degli scrovegni" of Padova. Giotto artistically painted this scene using convincing depth spaces which represented the personages in a realistic and expressive way. Contemporary of Giotto was Duccio di Buoninsegna who remained more faithful to the bizantin tradition. The Renaissance carried with it the "rebirth" of all the arts, and the maximum apex for the painting occurred in the first years of the 1500's to Florence. The most famous painter of the early Renaissance was of course Masaccio. He paints with an incisive perspective of the space and the volumes. Other famous painters of this period also include Paolo Uccello, Beato Angelico, Filippo Lippi and Domenico Veneziano. There is also Leonardo (His first masterpiece: l’Adorazione dei Magi 1481), Andrea del Verrocchio and Sandro Botticelli, (his most famous paintings are: Primavera (1478) and Nascita di venere (1482 ca). For some time in this period Medieval tendencies and styles continued to influence Italian art. Slowly the new artistic conception? (What does that sentence mean?) The most representative southern painter of the time was Antonello da Messina. He painted remarkably using the conversion of paint to oil, which was also adopted from Piero della Francesca.// Between the northern artists it is remember __Giovanni Bellini__. In the "**hight Renaissance**" (beginning of the 1500's), the art caught up outcomes of great harmony and clarity thanks to Leonardo, __Michelangelo__ and __Raffaello__. These artists studied the human anatomy and the perspective very well. Leonardo da Vinci interest more of the varied disciplines and for this many its works remained unfinished. In its splendid paintings to oil Leonardo it adopted "the vanished" method, and lead experiments in frescoes, than they were lost strength prematurely. Of recent restoration work, has brought back to the light //L’ultima cena// (1497 ca.). Raffaello revise the essential features of the school of Leonardo, and its main work is the //Trasfigurazione//, than with its dynamism it anticipates the paintings roman it anticipates the paintings roman succeeded to you. Michelangelo frescoed the ceiling of the Assistin’s chapel (1508-1512) to Rome. During the **Mannerism** painting is characterized for virtuos, complicated and crowded compositions of figures, and for the violent inks. Of this age they are remembered __Francesco Mazzola__, __Rosso Fiorentino__ and __Jacopo da Pontormo__: of this last one we remember the //Deposizione// (1525 ca.). The 1500's corresponded at the moment of maximum achievement of the **Venician Art**. At the beginnig of the century two important were prevailed personality: __Giorgione__ and __Tiziano Vecellio__. From Tiziano other venician artists drew cue: __Paolo Veronese__ and __Tintoretto__. Towards the end of the 1500's born in artistic atmospheres one decided reaction to the artificial aspect of the manierism. The paintings of the __Caravaggio__ represent figures and places of the sacred history with realism. __Guercino__, adopted one livelier style. Others two important exponents of the **baroque** painting were __Pietro da Cortona__ and __Giovanni Lanfranco.__ The **neoclassical** movement represented a reaction to the superficiality of the rococò, of which greater interpreter had been __Giambattista Tiepolo__. The painters neoclassical who worked in Italy were __Andrea Appiani__ and __Giuseppe Bossi.__ An other originates them painter of this age was __Francisco Hayez__, perhaps the greater exponent of the **romantic** movement. Great importance had the Macchiaioli, that they anticipated the French impressionism. A more coherent rappresentation of the natural light was obtained the end of the century from the **divisionisti:** in particular __Pellizza da Volpedo__, __Giovanni Segantini__ and __Gaetano Previati__. Between the end of the 1800's and the first decades of the 1900's some are placed important figures of the Italian art that they worked to Paris: __Amedeo Modigliani__ and __Filippo de Pisis__. Milan at the beginnig of the twentieth century was the ideal atmosphere for the development of the **futurism**, artistic movement that exalted the dynamism and the phrenetic character of the modern city life. The greater exponents of this movement were __Umberto Boccioni__, __Giacomo Balla__, __Gino Severini, Carlo Carrà, Fortunato Depero__ and __Luigi Russolo__. __Giorgio de Chirico__, than in the first decade of the 1900's had painted alarming metaphysicians pictures, began in the period between the two wars to resume the classics elements. During the last few years of the nine hundred the movement of the transavanguardia has been asserted, of which they have made part __Francesco Clemente, Sandro Chia and Mimmo Paladino__. Through the enigmatic and eclectic pictures of these artists, it is expressed the **postmodernismo**. The references to the rich Italian cultural inheritance represent a recurrent topic in the history of the Italian art, dictated from the attempt to conjugate the classic tradition with the new expressive requirements.

Sara's corrections __Between the northern artists it is remember__ __Giovanni Bellini__. (Out of all the Italian artists, Giovanni Bellini is remembered most). In the "**hight (high) Renaissance**" (beginning of the __1500's__ (1500s)), the art __caught up__ (achieved) __outcomes of great harmony and clarity__ artisitc and intellectual breakthroughs) thanks to Leonardo, __Michelangelo__ and __Raffaello__. These artists studied the human anatomy and the perspective __very well__ (In great detail). Leonardo da Vinci __interest more of__ (focused more on) the varied disciplines and __for this__ (because of this) many its works remained unfinished. In __its__ (his) splendid __paintings to oil__ (oil paintings) Leonardo it adopted "the vanished" method, and __lead experiments__ (experimented) in frescoes, __than__ (but) they (__were)__ lost strength prematurely. __Of recent restoration__ (recently restored) work, has brought (__back)__ to the light //L’ultima cena// (1497 ca.). Raffaello __revise__ (revised) the essential features of the school of Leonardo, and __its__ (his) main work is the //Trasfigurazione//, (__than)__ with its dynamism it anticipates the paintings (that were later painted in Rome) __roman it anticipates the paintings roman succeeded to you__. Michelangelo frescoed the ceiling of the Assistin’s chapel (1508-1512) to Rome. __(During)__ the **Mannerism** painting is characterized __for__ (is) virtuos, complicated and crowded compositions of figures, and for the violent __inks__ (themes). __Of this age they are remembered__ __Francesco Mazzola__, __Rosso Fiorentino__ and __Jacopo da Pontormo (are the well known artists of this period)__: of this last one we remember the //Deposizione// (1525 ca.). The 1500's __corresponded at__ (was the time in which) the __moment of maximum achievement__ (peak) of the **Venician Art** (occurred). At the beginnig of the century two important (personalities prevailed) __were prevailed personality__: __Giorgione__ and __Tiziano Vecellio__. From Tiziano other venician artists drew __cue__ (inspiration): __Paolo Veronese__ and __Tintoretto__. Towards the end of the 1500's born in artistic atmospheres one decided reaction to the artificial aspect of the manierism (???). __The paintings of the Caravaggio__ (Caravaggio's paintings) represent figures and places of the sacred history with realism. __Guercino__, adopted __one__ (a) livelier style. __Others two__ (Two other) important exponents of the **baroque** painting were __Pietro da Cortona__ and __Giovanni Lanfranco.__

**Writers** Italy is very famous for his writers, recognized world wide. But I gonna speak about the our days writers. A statistics says in Italy people read few and bad, but every day we have a new writer. One of more value writer named Umberto Eco. He’s an medievalist, semiotician, philosopher and novelist, and teach at the University of Bologna. He got a succesful with his more important and famous novel //Il nome della rosa// (The name of the rose) translate in 44 languages. In //Foucault's Pendulum//, his second novel, three under-employed editors who work for a minor publishing house decide to amuse themselves by inventing a conspiracy theory. Their conspiracy, which they call "The Plan", is about an immense and intricate plot to take over the world by a secret order descended from the Knights Templar. As the game goes on, the three slowly become obsessed with the details of this plan. The game turn dangerous when outsiders learn about The Plan, and believe that the men have really discovered the secret to regaining the lost treasure of the Templars. An other writer I like is Enrico Brizzi. His more famous novel is //Jack Frusciante è uscito dal gruppo,// about a story of an teenager in Bologna and his tormented love. This book is good to read when you are young. With his second book he tried to shake off his self the fame to had after his first book. In //Bastogne// speak about four criminal guys in Nizza (France) and their wrongdoings. Vasco Rossi, a famous singer, said //Jack Frusciante è uscito dal gruppo// is to //Bastogne// as //Albachiara// (his most romantic song) is to //Fegato spappolato// (//mushy liver,// a song about an drunker). Andrea G. Pinketts write about his //alter ego// Lazzaro Santandrea, an metropolitan indian in Milano, his own city, to which happen incredible adventures. Lazzaro been a model, a pugilist, a jornalist an investigator and an dowry hunter. He investigate about people killed or kidnapped, and with his old friends, some of which criminal, he resolve always his cases, moved only by philanthropic spirit. His stile his full of alliteration, and he say to hold //a sense of the phrase.//

Writers Italy is very famous for *its* writers, recognized world wide. But *I’m going to* speak about *today’s* writers. *Statistics say* in Italy people read *little* and *badly*, but every day we have a new writer. One of *our more valued writers is* Umberto Eco. He’s *a* medievalist, semiotician, philosopher and novelist, and *teaches* at the University of Bologna. He *was* successful with his important and famous novel Il nome della rosa (The name of the rose), *which has been translated* in 44 languages. In Foucault's Pendulum, his second novel, three under-employed editors who work for a minor publishing house decide to amuse themselves by inventing a conspiracy theory. Their conspiracy, which they call "The Plan", is about an immense and intricate plot to take over the world by a secret order descended from the Knights Templar. As the game goes on, the three slowly become obsessed with the details of this plan. The game *becomes* dangerous when outsiders learn about The Plan, and believe that the men have really discovered the secret to regaining the lost treasure of the Templars. Andrea G. Pinketts *writes* about his alter ego Lazzaro Santandrea, *a* metropolitan *Indian* in Milano, his *home* city, *who has* incredible adventures. Lazzaro *has* been a model, a pugilist, a *journalist* an investigator and *a bounty* hunter. He *investigates* people *who have been* killed or kidnapped, and with his old friends, some of *whom are criminals*, he *always solves* his cases, *motivated* only by philanthropic spirit. His *style is* full of alliteration, and he *is said* to *have good expression*.
 * Anna Russo's corrections**
 * Another* writer I like is Enrico Brizzi. His *most* famous novel is Jack Frusciante è uscito dal gruppo, *a story about a* teenager in Bologna and his tormented love. This book is good to read when you are young. With his second book he tried to *shake off the fame he* had after his first book. Bastogne *is* about four criminal guys in Nizza (France) and their wrongdoings. Vasco Rossi, a famous singer, said Jack Frusciante è uscito dal gruppo is to Bastogne as Albachiara (his most romantic song) is to Fegato spappolato (mushy liver, a song about *a drunkard*).